PALEOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BONE REMAINS REPRESENTING THE HUN-XIANBEI BEREL LAYER OF THE BEREL IN THE KAZAKHSTAN PART OF ALTAI

Abstract

In recent decades, major changes have taken place in the field of genomics as a result of high-performance sequencing, which has made significant progress in the study of ancient DNA and the restoration of complete genomes of ancient organisms. A newly emerging branch of this field, genomics of ancient pathogens, offers an in-depth study of the evolution of microbes, which are molecular fossils of human-related pathogens. This work presents the results of a study of the teeth of ancient people collected from the Altai Territory of Kazakhstan on ancient pathogens. As a result of archaeological excavations in 2005-2018 in the East Kazakhstan region, a paleogenetic analysis of 27 selected individuals was carried out in order to study ancient pathogenic microorganisms. As a result of the study, Enerobioses from Berelsky Kurgan, cola Escherichia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, hepatitis B Neisseria gonorrhoea, Porphyromonas ginivalis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Tannerella were detected forsythia, treponema denticola, Trychinella spiralis. All these studies took care of reliably identifying the causative agents of ancient diseases, which today remain relevant for public health. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the past, in addition to the pathogens of plague and leprosy, there were other infectious diseases caused by many pathogenic microorganisms. Debating the genetic characteristics of ancient pathogens allows us to understand the evolution of micro-organism strains that can cause hypothetical new pandemics or epidemics.