STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND ITS EVOLUTION
Abstract
A method for the complete description of the dynamics of bodies together with a change in their internal states is proposed. The method combines classical mechanics and thermodynamics. It is built based on the equation of motion, in which, instead of a model of a structureless body, as in classical mechanics, a body model in the form of a structured body (ST) is used. It is shown how taking into account the role of structure in the dynamics of bodies leads to the possibility of describing the processes of evolution of matter within the framework of the fundamental laws of physics. Moreover, the dynamics of the body is determined by the principle of symmetry dualism. According to this principle, the dynamics of ST is determined by the symmetries of both the bodies themselves and the symmetry of space. This principle is taken into account by representing energy in micro- and macro-variables, which determine energy as the sum of its internal energy and energy of motion, respectively. It is shown how the equation of motion of a body follows from energy. Due to this division of energy, this equation allows one to take into account the work of dissipative forces that determine the transformation of the energy of motion into internal energy. It is shown how evolution is caused by the violation of the symmetry of time when a body moves in an inhomogeneous space, and dissipative forces provide the violation of the symmetry of time. The concept of D-entropy, defined as a relative change in internal energy, is discussed. D-entropy allows you to analyze evolutionary processes in moving objects, for example, when studying the evolution of the Universe. The difference between the D-entropy and the thermodynamic concept of entropy is considered. The nature of the infinite divisibility of matter is discussed. It is substantiated that open nonequilibrium dynamical systems are an element of matter. It is shown how the existence of the irreversibility mechanism within the framework of ST mechanics eliminates the contradiction between mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical physics
