Journal of open systems evolution problems
The Journal of Problems in the Evolution of Open Systems (JPEOS) was founded in 2003. The founder and publisher of the journal is the Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi. The journal has a designed and approved cover and title pages indicating the university, imprint of the issue, ISSN, eISSN, editorial board members, editorial policy, publication ethics and a website. The journal is published 2 times per year. Journal articles are registered in the CrossRef database and each author's article must be assigned a DOI - a digital object identifier that is used to provide citations, links and access to electronic documents. The journal is indexed by the Kazakhstan Citation Base (KazBC) JSC "National Center for State Scientific and Technical Expertise" (NCGNTE). The journal is also placed in the Scientific Electronic Library elibrary.ru in open access for readers and is included in the analytical database "Russian Science Citation Index" (RSCI). The editorial board of the journal includes leading Kazakh and foreign scientists. The journal follows the policy of information openness and accessibility of authors' publications, articles are posted on the journal's website http://peos.kaznu.kz/ in three languages ​​in full-text access.
Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби
PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE ROOTS OF THE HERB FERULA FOETIDA
Ferula foetida is a traditional medicinal herb, and its roots contain various bioactive components. In this study, dried roots of Ferula foetida were used as raw material. The total extract (4.4 g from 80 g of raw material) was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with 96% ethanol, followed by concentration using rotary evaporation. After dispersing the total extract in an aqueous phase, liquid-liquid extraction with petroleum ether (PE) and dichloromethane (DCM) was performed to yield the PE (1.46 g) and DCM (0.19 g) fractions. These fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) and the results evaluated 32 compounds in PE fraction and 79 components in DCM fraction. This study preliminarily established a sequential extraction method for organic compounds from the roots of this herb, laying a foundation for the subsequent separation, purification, and structural identification of chemical constituents in fractions of different polarities. Preliminary analysis indicates that the PE and DCM fractions are mainly enriched in low-polarity components, which can be further identified by techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of open systems evolution problems
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ARTEMISIA RUTIFOLIA
Artemisia rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng. has a long history of folk medicinal usage in Kazakhstan, although rigorous study into its chemical makeup is still restricted. This study used the aerial portions of Artemisia rutifolia in Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, to determine the amounts of basic physicochemical indicators, mineral elements, and important secondary metabolites using the Kazakh National Pharmacopoeia's procedures. Chemical components in the petroleum ether and dichloromethane phases were separated and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), followed by compound comparison and qualitative identification using the NIST14 and Wiley standard mass spectrometry databases. The analysis showed that the plant sample extracted with 50% ethanol contained 7.42% moisture, 4.58% total ash, and 35.76%. Coumarin showed the highest concentration (2.53%), followed by polysaccharides (1.30%), and saponins (1.16%). The mineral elements were primarily K (65.41 mg/100 g) and Ca (39.41 mg/100 g), with heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Ni being below WHO limits. The petroleum ether fraction contained twenty-eight compounds, the majority of which were methoxybenzene derivatives (43.80%), while the dichloromethane fraction contained 63 compounds, including methoxybenzene derivatives (25.82%), scopoletin (3.00%), sesquiterpene lactones such as ambrosin (3.36%), and various phenolic acids. In summary, A. rutifolia from this location has a variety of bioactive components having therapeutic properties. The petroleum ether fraction consists primarily of aromatic and steroidal chemicals, whereas the dichloromethane fraction is rich in sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic acids. More research into its chemical composition and active ingredients will follow.
STUDIES OF THE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF HIGH-CONCENTRATION CARBON NANOPARTICLES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
This paper investigates the transport properties of carbon nanoparticles in low-temperature plasma, taking into account fluctuations in their electric charge. The charge of the nanoparticles is treated as a stochastic quantity resulting from random processes of electron and ion capture from the plasma. A truncated normal distribution is used to describe the statistical characteristics of the charge, with its parameters determined by the Monte Carlo method. The system dynamics are simulated using molecular dynamics for a two-dimensional strongly correlated plasma with a Yukaw interaction potential. The self-diffusion and viscosity coefficients are calculated using the Einstein and Green–Kubo relations based on the root-mean-square displacement and autocorrelation functions. It is shown that charge fluctuations significantly affect the transport properties of the system, leading to changes in the dependencies of the diffusion and viscosity coefficients on the coupling parameter. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for charge fluctuations in the modeling of dense plasma systems and can be used to interpret experiments with complex plasma.
DIVERGENT MECHANISMS OF THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRON AND GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE STRUCTURAL AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF Bi₂Te₃–Sb₂Te₃ THIN FILMS
The advancement of space exploration and radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) technologies demands the development of flexible thermoelectric materials capable of stable operation under extreme radiation environments. However, the divergent dynamic effects of corpuscular and photon-type radiation on the structural properties of chalcogenide solid solutions deposited on polymer substrates remain insufficiently understood. In this study, 25% Bi₂Te₃–75% Sb₂Te₃ thin films with a thickness of 0.790 μm, grown on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates via thermal vacuum evaporation, were subjected to electron beam irradiation (up to 1×10¹⁵ e/cm²) and gamma irradiation (up to 1×10⁷ R). The morphological, structural, and electrophysical parameters of the specimens were systematically analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and a two-probe measurement technique. The results revealed a fundamental difference in the degradation mechanisms depending on the nature of irradiation. At the critical electron fluence of 1×10¹⁵ e/cm², severe radiation damage and surface atom sputtering led to the formation of an amorphous-metallized surface layer, resulting in a sharp decrease in the Seebeck coefficient. In contrast, gamma irradiation fully preserved the surface morphology while generating homogeneous bulk Frenkel pairs via the Compton effect. This induced successive compensation and decompensation (defect coagulation) cycles strictly governed by the Pisarenko–Mott relation, with electrical conductivity dropping to 0.12×10³ Ω⁻¹·m⁻¹ at 1×10⁶ R and recovering to 0.84×10³ Ω⁻¹·m⁻¹ at 1×10⁷ R. It is concluded that gamma irradiation serves as a bulk defect engineering tool, whereas high-dose electron bombardment irreversibly degrades thermoelectric efficiency through surface erosion.
This study examines a unique heliogeophysical event: X- and M-class solar flares from November 9–11, 2025, accompanied by a coronal mass ejections directed toward Earth. The disturbed state of near-Earth space during the period from November 11–15, 2025, was studied using solar wind parameters. The solar wind proton density during this period showed several spikes, the solar wind velocity increased to 1000 km/s, and a sharp increase in proton temperature was observed. The geomagnetic field was strongly disturbed, with a Kp-index of 9. Minute values ​​of the AL, AU, SYM-D, and SYM-H indexes, as well as two-hourly values ​​of the global electron content, were also used to describe the event. This paper examines physical processes on the Sun, in the interplanetary magnetic field, magnetosphere, and upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere during a unique geocosmic storm, making it interdisciplinary in nature. It has been established that a powerful solar storm in November 2025 caused extreme geomagnetic and negative ionospheric storms.
DEVELOPMENT AND CALIBRATION OF AN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF ELEMENTS OF ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE PT100 THERMISTOR
Monitoring the condition of spacecraft components is a crucial aspect of the space industry. By monitoring key parameters such as temperature, it is possible to ensure the safety and reliability of critical rocket systems. This is particularly important for thermally sensitive electronics and rocket parts that are subjected to significant thermal stress. The aim of this research was to develop a compact and efficient solution for simultaneously measuring temperature at three points on a rocket or spacecraft, as well as create an optimal calibration algorithm for a PT100 temperature sensor used in the system. This would allow for considering individual sensor characteristics for more accurate measurements. The novelty of this work lies in the new design of a temperature measurement system, which has been developed with the aim of being compact and suitable for use in rocket and space technologies. The significance of this work is demonstrated by its practical implementation in national projects. To achieve these goals, a methodology was followed that included the development of electronic circuits, rendering in the EasyEDA PCB editor, circuit connection, and calibration using C++ programming and the STM32CubeIDE software environment. Key electronic components, such as the PT100 temperature sensor, the LM224 operational amplifier, and the STM32 microcontroller, were used in this project. The result is a custom-designed solution for measuring the temperature of rocket and spacecraft parts. The value of this solution lies in its potential application in real-world projects, as well as its adaptability for similar projects due to its simplicity, compactness, and high degree of technical flexibility. This solution has been proposed for the first time and represents a step towards greater independence for the national space industry, free from the often-unattainable technologies of world leaders in the field. Nevertheless, this solution draws upon international experience by applying and adapting classical formulas and designs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of open systems evolution problems
A STUDY OF THE DYNAMİCS OF FRACTAL CHARACTERİSTİCS OF MİCROWAVE RADİATİON FROM POWERFUL SOLAR PROTON FLARES
The aim of this work is a qualitative and quantitative study of the evolution of the characteristics of radio emission bursts from powerful proton and non-proton solar flares. Over the past few decades, experts have shown, based on data from numerous multi-wavelength studies of solar flare radiation, that eruptive solar flares accompanied by proton enhancements consist of an impulsive and a gradual phase. In the microwave range, valuable research devoted to the diagnostics of radio bursts of solar proton events based on their intensities is based on the IZMIRAN method. We also took a creative approach to solving these problems and for the first time applied the fractal method and its "sliding window" version to the time series we compiled, obtained from radio bursts of solar proton events observed simultaneously in the microwave ranges λ=10.7 and 27.8 cm. Observations were carried out in 2014÷20 on the RT-12 radio telescope of the Institute of Ionosphere of the Republic of Kazakhstan at frequencies f=1 and 3 GHz. In addition, three-proton events were observed in the microwave regions λ=10.7 and 27.8 cm from solar flares, satisfying the Tanaka-Enome criterion , similar to the criterion. Based on the values of and calculated by us for the period of time during which the events occurred, we can determine its maximum unstable periods.
EVOLUTION OF METHODS FOR ENSURING THE QUALITY OF TECHNICAL ACCOUNTING OF THERMAL ENERGY IN OPEN ENERGY SYSTEMS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of heat meter verification methods as a key element in the system of technical accounting of thermal energy, considered in the context of open technical systems. A comparative analysis of the regulatory approaches to verification operating in the Republic of Kazakhstan has been carried out, their distinctive features and impact on metrological reliability and measurement accuracy have been identified. The necessity of adapting existing methods to changing operating conditions and technology development is substantiated, including through the introduction of artificial intelligence elements for processing and interpreting verification results. Approaches to the modernization of the verification system aimed at improving the efficiency of measuring systems integrated into open power systems are proposed. The results obtained can be used both in verification laboratories and in the development of new regulatory documents, contributing to an increase in accounting accuracy, energy efficiency and sustainability of open energy systems.
THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN WHAT IS AND WHAT SHOULD BE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL FOR OVERCOMING IT IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODELS
The paper examines an approach to overcoming one of the most serious contradictions in modern social and economic theories. First noted at the beginning of the last century, it is known as the contradiction between what is and what ought to be. It is noted that while humanitarian research in one way or another analyzes the existing—that is, the current state of key personal and social relations—detailed consideration of the ideal, or normative models of society, is generally rejected by the humanities. In our study, based on the understanding of the physical nature of negative trends in social development, we show the inevitability of this contradiction due to the closed nature of typical communities. As an alternative, we propose the prospect of purposeful social development in the spirit of Vernadsky’s noospheric model. The implementation of a noospheric worldview makes it possible to transform society into an open system, which potentially resolves the “what is – what ought to be” contradiction. Supporting evidence for the proposed model lies in the fact that humanity has already achieved several necessary conditions for the formation of the noosphere. As a tool for the consistent adjustment of the “existing,” the application of artificial intelligence is proposed. This approach not only resolves the initial contradiction by facilitating a smooth convergence of “what is” and “what ought to be,” but also opens up new opportunities for realizing the potential of both individuals and society as a whole.
EARTHQUAKE SWARMS ACTIVITY AND THEIR THERMODYNAMIC AND RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
This study examined the swarm activity of earthquakes within the research region covering the territory between 70–85°E and 39–46°N, as well as methods for the identification of swarm seismicity. New data on the thermodynamic and rheological parameters of swarm seismicity within the study area were obtained. During the observation period under consideration, swarm clusters of seismic events in the seismotectonics of the Northern Tien Shan region for 2017–early 2026 were identified and shown. As a result of the conducted investigations, quantitative values of thermodynamic and rheological parameters in the focal zones of earthquake swarm clusters were obtained. For the first time, quantitative results of calculations of thermodynamic and rheological parameters in earthquake swarm sources are presented. These calculations were performed using a universal computational methodology specifically adapted for seismic events. The study also demonstrates the temporal variation of parameters within earthquake swarm sources and presents the behavior of thermodynamic and rheological parameters over time, which is consistent with the computational model of the universal methodology. The obtained results offer scientific and practical potential for understanding the physics of seismic processes occurring in active environments. This allows for a more detailed and in-depth study of seismic processes and swarms.
TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY PAVLODAR
This article examines the air pollution of Pavlodar, one of the largest industrial centers of Kazakhstan, and the impact of temperature inversions on it. The Pavlodar Thermal Power Plant (TPP), the surrounding areas of large chemical and metallurgical enterprises, and the main transport routes are discussed. It is noted that a significant part of harmful components is formed under adverse meteorological factors, among which temperature inversions play a key role. These atmospheric phenomena disrupt the natural processes of vertical movement of air layers, as a result of which polluting components accumulate in the ground layer and remain there for a long time. The research work explains the physical mechanisms of temperature inversion formation, including changes in air density, heat exchange between atmospheric layers, the dependence of wind speed on height, as well as the features of the relief and urban planning that cause stagnation phenomena. The chemical composition of the polluted atmosphere is considered: the main focus is on PM 2.5 fine particles emitted by the fuel side and industrial facilities, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and other compounds. These components pose a great threat to public health, cause acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and also increase the risk of cardiovascular and oncological pathologies. Based on the analysis of the data obtained and world experience, scientifically sound methods for reducing air pollution in conditions of constant temperature inversions are proposed. The main focus of the article is to assess the impact of industrial production on the atmosphere in conditions of constant temperature. The frequency and duration of inversions, their dependence on the season and climate change are also analyzed.
The work is devoted to the study of the role of the structure of matter in the processes of its evolution, as well as in physics in general. It demonstrates the necessity of taking this role into account when constructing a picture of the world that takes its evolution into account, as well as when constructing a new branch of physics—the physics of evolution. It demonstrates why and how evolutionary physics can be constructed based on an equation of motion that accounts for the influence of a body's structure on the nature of its motion in a heterogeneous force space. A brief explanation of the derivations of the equation of motion, which takes into account the role of a body's structure in its dynamics, is provided. An explanation is offered for why this equation should be derived from the condition of conservation of total energy and why it should be represented as the sum of the energy of motion and the internal energy. Such a representation of the total energy is necessary in accordance with the principle of dualism of symmetry. It is shown how taking into account the role of the structure of elements of matter in their dynamics leads to the elimination of the contradiction between mechanics, statistical physics, and thermodynamics. It is demonstrated how the second law of thermodynamics follows from this equation, as well as the infinite divisibility of matter. It is considered how the possibility of constructing an evolutionary picture of the world follows from the condition of infinite divisibility of matter. An analysis of existing physical problems is performed, the solution of which requires taking into account the structure of matter. In particular, it is considered how the condition of infinite divisibility of matter can affect the interpretation of some fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. The equation of motion of a quantum particle is considered, taking into account its structure, and the properties of this equation are determined. It is shown that for an elementary structured quantum particle, quantum-wave duality is determined by the presence of internal energy, which provides the particle's internal oscillation, and the energy of motion, which provides the oscillating particle's motion in space
FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MICROSTRUCTURES IN METAL COATINGS DEPOSITED FROM VACUUM ARC PLASMA ON VARIOUS TYPES OF SUBSTRATES
Transition metals and their alloys are widely used in chemical catalysis and successfully employed in electrochemical fuel cells, one of which is metal-air batteries (MABs). This study proposes the use of a high-entropy alloy (HEA) made of transition metals to create MAB electrodes. A cathode sample, a solid transition metal alloy of Fe-Co-Ni-Nb-Mo composition, was fabricated using low-temperature synthesis and plasma-sputtered using a VDU system. Continuous layers 94-103 μm thick and of stoichiometric composition identical to the sputtered cathode were deposited on copper substrates. The structure of the homogeneous coated layers, deposited by sputtering under medium vacuum conditions, contains microscopic inclusions with high oxygen and carbon contents. Circular depressions measuring 100-250 µm were found on the surface of sputtered cathodes. These depressions are related to the arc current on the surface, which is concentrated in the cathode spots. An increase in the energy performance of the MAB was demonstrated when testing HEA materials with plasma-treated surfaces as anodes. When treating an integral HEA cathode, a rough relief is formed on its surface, which reduces the current density and improves the chemical resistance of the material
Abstract. The article describes the developed system of operational notification of ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events caused by an increase in the flux of high-energy solar cosmic rays. The developed system integrates data from the international network of neutron monitors (NMDB) and X-ray sensors of the GOES satellites, analyzing them in real time. The main components of the system include automated data loading, time series processing, and generation of alert signals when significant changes in the radiation environment are detected. The use of the proposed algorithms makes it possible to minimize false alarms and quickly identify threats to orbiting spacecraft, such as damage to electronics or degradation of solar panels. Testing of the system on real events, including GLE №73 - 76, confirmed its high efficiency and reliability.
Copyright (c) 2025 THE JOURNAL OF THE OPEN SYSTEMS EVOLUTION PROBLEMS
MAPPING OF THE MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE KOLDAR MASSIF USING A COMPREHENSIVE SET OF GEOPHYSICAL AND REMOTE SENSING DATA
A methodology was proposed to delineate prospective areas of the Koldar granitoid intrusion using an integrated approach that combines the use of geophysical fields, delineation of alteration zones and fragmentation of the study area using satellite data. To extract useful information and improve interpretation, the geophysical fields were transformed using a full horizontal derivative slope filter, which removed the regional background from the gravimetric and magnetic fields while highlighting the geological and structural features of the study area. Based on spectral analysis of ASTER optical satellites were mapped zones of alteration, which are an important process in geology as they accompany mineralization of minerals such as gold, copper, silver and others. Lineament analysis allowed to identify zones with increased permeability, which is also one of the factors of ore formation. With the help of the above described complex was generated with the help of geoinformation systems map of mineral prospectivity, which highlighted two large areas, the first is located in the western part of the Koldar massif, and the second in the north-western part of the massif. The reliability of the obtained map was analyzed with already known ore deposits, which showed a high level of correspondence. Thus, the developed map of potential for mineralization can serve as a useful guide in selecting areas for further exploration for ore minerals. The resulting data on mineral alteration zones and potential deposits will play a key role in future studies aimed at evaluating the prospectivity of various regions of Kazakhstan. These techniques will be important for solving other geological problems such as determining lithologic features, structural lineaments and identifying alteration zones.
CLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE UPPER IONOSPHERE: LONG-TERM VARIATIONS AND TRENDS IN THE CRITICAL FREQUENCY OF THE F2 LAYER IN THE KAZAKHSTAN REGION
The long-term variability and trends in the variations of the ionospheric F2 layer critical frequencies (foF2) obtained from ground-based vertical sounding data at the Alma-Ata station [43.25N, 77.92E] for the period 07.1958 – 04.2018 are studied. Near-midday (11–14 LT), near-midnight (23–01 LT) and hourly median values ​​of foF2 are analyzed. It is shown that both foF2 variations and variations in the solar activity index F10.7 experience a regular 11-year cyclicity, a stable negative trend over a 60-year observation interval, as well as some long-term (approximately four 11-year solar cycles) oscillation. The dependencies of the foF2 trend on the season and time of day are studied. It was found that a stable negative foF2 trend is observed for all the conditions under consideration, except for the night time of the winter season, when the foF2 trend is practically absent. The maximum negative values ​​of the foF2 trend are observed during the daytime, the nighttime values ​​are significantly lower. Critical frequencies show a good relationship with solar activity for the entire observation period and for each season. It was found that the dfoF2 values ​​(the difference between the observed foF2 and the model (quadratic regression between foF2 and F10.7), smoothed with an 11-year (132 months) window, also generally reflect the corresponding course of F10.7. However, the position of the maximum in the time distribution of dfoF2132, the transition to the phase of decreasing values, occurs earlier (around 1980) relative to the position of the maximum of F10.7132 (around 1986), which may indicate the influence of an additional (to solar activity) source on the ionosphere, possibly an anthropogenic source. Calculations of foF2 variability for 22-year periods before and after 1980 showed a noticeable decrease in critical frequencies in the later period (1980-2001).
RADIAL STRUCTURIZATION OF VORTICAL ELEMENTS IN QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE
The objective of this study is to examine the equations that describe the structural elements of turbulence in a quasi-two-dimensional vortex packet in an immersed medium. Investigating individual vortices is essential for understanding the role of turbulent structures in mixing and other related processes. An analytical approach based on the vorticity equation and the stream function allows for the modeling of elementary vortex formations as structural elements of quasi-two-dimensional turbulence. The expressions obtained from this approach are used to analyze the characteristics of homogeneous turbulence and to assess the contribution of individual vortices to mixing processes. Analytical solutions describing localized vortex structures have been derived using the vorticity form of the Navier-Stokes equations with the application of the stream function. It has been shown that by selecting logarithmically oscillating functions, one can obtain solutions with ring-like symmetry and scale invariance. The resulting graphical analysis enabled the interpretation of the single vortex structure as a model vortex in a turbulent flow, which is confirmed by the isoline patterns and the surface topology of the stream function. A relationship between the parameter l, the flow function f(y), and flow regimes has been established and summarized in the parameter table. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of describing turbulent flows through the dynamics of their structural elements. This approach allows for the analysis of not only spectral, but also spatially localized properties of turbulent fields.
PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY OF THE Be STAR HD 328990
We present a photometric analysis of a classical Be-type star HD 328990 using archival data from the ASAS-SN survey covering the period from 2016 to 2025. The long-term light curve in the V and g bands reveals low-amplitude variability, with a peak-to-peak magnitude difference of approximately 0.2 mag. A Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis identifies a significant periodic signal at Porb ≈ 176.3 days, which is further supported by the phase-folded light curve. Although the folded light curve exhibits substantial scatter, the presence of weak but recurrent photometric modulations suggests the existence of a quasi-periodic phenomenon. Given the star's classification as a classical Be object, we interpret the observed variability as a result of structural changes within the circumstellar disk or dynamical effects induced by a possible binary companion. Our findings are consistent with typical photometric behavior observed in other Be stars and highlight the complex nature of variability mechanisms in rapidly rotating B-type stars with circumstellar material.
SUPERSONIC VIBROTRANSPORT SOLUTIONS OF THE WAVE EQUATION AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Here the effect of vibrotransport sources of wave radiation in media is investigated which are associated with moving objects, the speed of which can be subsonic, sonic, supersonic, in media with several sonic speeds (elastic, for example) also transonic. The fundamental and regular vibrotransport solutions of the wave equation are constructed for supersonic speeds of the disturbance source at any Mach numbers greater than 1, in spaces of physical dimension (N = 1, 2, 3). Fundamental solutions of these equations are constructed - Green's functions, which describe the dynamics of the medium during the movement of a source concentrated at a point, which moves with a constant speed and vibrates with a constant frequency. On its basis, generalized solutions of the vibrotransport equation are constructed under the action of both moving vibration sources distributed in space and concentrated on moving surfaces and lines. These solutions allow constructing solutions of many equations of continuum mechanics for this type of moving supersonic sources of disturbances in isotropic media and will find extensive applications in solving various engineering and technical problems.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THERMODYNAMIC MIXING ENERGY AND STRUC-TURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOCOMPOSITE (TIALSII)N/CRN COATINGS
the article presents theoretical and experimental studies of multilayer (TiAlSiY)n/CrN coating on a steel bed sprayed by cathode-arc spraying method. Calculations from the first prin-CIPS show that the deposition of the ti1-xAlxN/CrN nanoscale with a high Alx (x=0.75) content has a strong stabilization effect and contributes to the layering of these phases. The mixing energy of ti1-xAlxN/CrN heterostructures is equal to 0.11 EV/n when x=0.75 and gradually decreases to 0.07 EV/n when x=0.25. Diffraction data results (TiAlSiY)show that the N/CrN coating has a typical cubic NaCl-like structure with an excess structure in the direction of {111}. In the course of the study of chemical bonds, a clear formation of Al-n, Al-Ti-n bonds and the predominant concentration of the element Al, as well as weak si-N and Al-o, ti-O oxide-rich substances were revealed. Implantation of heavy Au ions leads to the formation of nanocomposites and nanocrystals on the surface of the coating, but did not lead to significant structural changes in depth. The amount of nitrogen in the implantation area is reduced by 0.5 times due to losses caused by the scattering of Au ions. The surface (TiAlSiY)n layer in the implanted jawbone shows very faint traces of gold ions, indicating that the ions have completely passed through this layer, stopped in the CRN layer and reached the next layer interface.
ELECTRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND DIAGNOSTICS OF DENSE PLASMA
Abstract In this work, a model two-component dense plasma is considered within the framework of a self-consistent five-moment approach in the quasi-classical approximation. The proposed calculation method is distinguished by the absence of fitting parameters and requires only knowledge of plasma parameters for calculations. The electrodynamic characteristics of the system were calculated and investigated. The obtained results are compared with data found by other authors using molecular dynamics simulations. The static characteristics of this system were found from the solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation in the hyperchain approximation using the Deutsch pseudopotential, which behaves like the Coulomb potential at large distances and is finite at small distances, since it takes into account the quantum properties of particles. A distinctive feature of the moment method calculations is the necessity of determining the so-called Nevanlinna parameter function, which is included in the computational relations. In this study, this function depends only on the ratio of moments of different orders. The dispersion and damping decrement of plasma waves were determined by solving the dispersion equation using the moment method and comparing it with numerical experiments. Additionally, a method for approximate plasma temperature diagnostics is proposed. Keywords: two-component plasma, moment method, Nevanlinna parameter function, dynamic structure factor, plasma diagnostics, plasma wave dispersion, plasma wave damping decrement.
VARIATIONS IN FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLAR PROTON EVENT
This joint research work is devoted to quantitative radio diagnostics of flare and proton events based on their radio bursts near the end of the 24th solar activity cycle. Observations were carried out on the 12 – meter radio telescope of the Institute of Ionosphere of the Republic of Kazakhstan at frequencies f=1 and f=3 GHz. Studies have shown that three flare events: B 6.2/~X 2.4, 01.09.2014; M 2.7, 21.06.2015 and M 7.9, 25.06.2015, fully meet the proton criteria. The intersection point of radio emissions of dual-frequency ( 1 and 3 GHz ) solar proton events determines the zero time of the beginning of their pulses and gradual phases. In the first – pulse phase, electrons predominate, and in the second – the phase of gradual increase in the number of protons. The acceleration of electrons in the “first” phase during solar flares is 4-8 min.; the acceleration of electrons and protons in the “second” phase varies in the range of 10-46 min. The time-intensity profiles we built and the values ​​of the Herest index we found allow us to follow the dynamics of the combustion events we studied. This allows us to evaluate the habituation events both qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, the values of radio data obtained as a result of applying the method to these three proton events quite correctly reflect phenomena that differ from each other in their characteristics, both in the scale of observation and in the energy of the spectra. Keywords: radio emission – solar electron and proton events – solar flares – radio diagnostics.
EXPERIMENTS ON ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS AT ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDERS AT THE INP SB RAS
The article was prepared based on the materials of the report at the seminar of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, held on 05/28/2024. The article describes experiments on INP installations with oncoming electron-positron beams. Facilities with colliding beams (colliders) are currently one of the main tools in experimental high-energy physics. The first such installations appeared in the early 60s of the last century and the INP was a pioneer in this field. In 1967, the first results of the INP study of the production of hadrons in electron-positron annihilation at the world's first e+e collider VEPP-2 were published. Currently, there are four e+e colliders in the world, two of which, VEPP-2000 with a beam energy of up to 1 GeV and VEPP-4M with an energy of up to 6 GeV, operate in the INP. The article describes experiments at these colliders, the main goals and motivation of these studies. Installations with oncoming electron-positron beams are currently one of the main tools in experimental high-energy physics that allow obtaining accurate data on the parameters and interaction of hadrons and leptons.
EVOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF COPPER COATINGS DEPOSITED FROM PULSE VACUUM ARC PLASMA
The work is devoted to the study of the structure of metal layers deposited from vacuum arc plasma. Under conditions of high gradients of temperature fields and thermal plasma density of the arc, coatings are formed with a non-uniform structure, porous, with drops of metal on the surface. The study of metal layers deposited from thermal plasma is relevant due to the unusual properties and unique structure of these coatings. The purpose of our study is to trace the evolution of the structure of a copper coating deposited from the plasma of a vacuum arc in a pulsed operating mode. The peculiarity of the method is that the pulsed mode involves low energy consumption, so it is more economical than a stationary arc, however, the characteristic physical features of arc plasma are preserved. The practical goal is to deposit a thin layer of copper on aluminum for energy applications. As a result of the experiments, during the deposition time of 15-40 minutes, a process of significant compaction of the copper layer on the surface of the aluminum substrates was observed. The influence of deposition time on the size of surface defects was analyzed. Before 30 min of deposition, the formation of a highly dispersed nanosize structure of spherical clusters was observed in the coating; after 30 min, the transformation of the coating structure into a thick layer with high homogeneity was observed. This behavior can be explained by the initial formation of a coating of layers of nano-sized dust. When the substrate temperature changes, nanoscale clusters enlarge and disintegrate, accompanying phase transitions. An accompanying undesirable factor was the precipitation of metal oxide phases. The development of this area of research is necessary due to the fact that in pulsed arcs a high rate of layer deposition is achieved, therefore it is necessary to improve the properties of coatings by developing this method
STUDY OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT FOR HYDROGEN-SILICON AND HYDROGEN-GRAPHITE MIXTURES IN DENSE PLASMA
Research in the field of hot dense matter and inertial confinement of nuclear fusion is gaining increasing importance in modern science. It also allows for a deeper understanding of the internal dynamics of giant planets, accretion of matter near stars, the influence of radiation pressure, including convection and diffusion processes in their internal structure, and spectral evolution. Metallic hydrogen plays a key role in studying heat transfer and diffusion processes in dense environments. It has significant practical applications, potentially being used as a superconductor in science and technology. This work investigates diffusion processes in dense hydrogen plasma. Using the Debye potential model, diffusion coefficients were calculated for different values of the plasma non-ideality parameter using the Chapman-Enskog method. Special attention was given to the interaction of plasma with materials based on silicon and graphite. The results obtained using the Debye potential show good agreement with molecular dynamics models and AA-TCP (average-atom two-component plasma) models in the regime of weak interactions, where Γ < 1. This confirms the reliability of the method and its applicability for analyzing weakly bound systems.В данной работе изучен процесс диффузии в плотной водородной плазме. Оценены коэффициенты диффузии для смесей водрод-кремний и водород-графит. Результаты, полученные на основе потенциала Дебая, обнаруживают лучшее согласие в пределе слабой связи Γ < 1 по сравнению с методом молекулярной динамики и моделью AA-TCP (average-atom, two-component plasma model).
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF DENSE DEUTERIUM-TRITIUM PLASMA
Warm dense matter is intensively studied all over the world both experimentally and theoretically. At high temperatures and pressures, the existing theoretical models of liquid, gas, solid and plasma are inapplicable to the extreme state of matter. The main obstacle to the application of these models is the strong nonideality of the medium, that is, the significant role played by the interaction of particles and quantum effects. The transport properties of materials in a wide range of densities and temperatures, in particular, for substances under extreme conditions, are important in various fields. Some systems of interest include the interiors of giant planets, white dwarfs, and heated dense matter generated by laser heating and shock compression in experiments. In addition, heated dense matter is actively studied in connection with the development of inertial thermonuclear fusion facilities. Due to the difficulties of diagnostics under extreme conditions in experiments, quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) modeling based on the density functional theory has become an integral part of modern studies of heated dense matter. In this work, we present the results of calculations of the transport properties of beryllium using methods based on density functional theory (DFT simulation). We have computed diffusion and viscosity coefficients on the basis of DFT-simulation for various values of parameters of heated dense beryllium.
INVESTIGATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITE FIBERS BASED ON Fe₃O₄
In modern fundamental and applied research, protective materials containing nanostructures are becoming increasingly popular, which leads to their widespread use in fields such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, electronics and many others. In this paper, a chemical condensation method is considered for the integration of magnetic nanoparticles with superparamagnetic properties into the structures of polymer fibers, opening up new horizons for the development of materials capable of protecting against electromagnetic radiation. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized by chemical condensation with an optimal ratio of two aqueous solutions of iron salts. Iron sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O), iron trichloride (FeCl3·6H2O) and 25% aqueous ammonia solution (NH4OH·H2O) were used as initial reagents. The research focuses on the study of ultrathin composite fibers obtained from synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. A detailed analysis of the crystal structure, phase composition and physico-chemical properties of magnetic fillers will be carried out in the work. Imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) will be used for this purpose. An analysis of the factors affecting the shielding properties of composite materials will also be carried out. The results obtained can significantly expand the range of applications of polymer fibers as protective materials in various high-tech industries.
THE NATURE OF NEGATIVISM IN SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GENERAL PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
The nature of the emergence of various negative trends in societal development is examined, which, against the backdrop of scientific and technological achievements - products of human intellect -appear as an alien (introduced) attribute of human civilization. There is no explanation for the phenomenon of degradation in culture, education, ethics, economy, and politics derived from general methods in social and humanities sciences. In this context, the analysis justifies the need to consider immanent development trends within both individual elements of society and society as a whole, as verified by extensive practice of key scientific principles in physics. Based on the concept of society as a closed system, this study systematically examines the possible social consequences of the principle of minimum energy and Hamilton’s principle of least action in the social sphere. Considering views on the intellectual and spiritual state of society and individuals, as well as social action, it is shown that negative changes in society may be ontologically driven by the manifestation of these principles in the absence of any moderators of societal development. The most general and criterion-significant approach to analyzing the current and prospective state of society is the application of the concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics to almost all areas of human activity. The study explores the possibility of minimizing entropic trends in societal development, with the key factor in this transformation being the shift towards an open system. Based on the application of this method, conclusions are drawn regarding the comparative value of various socio-philosophical concepts
SOLUTIONS OF KINK - ANTIKINK FOR THE MOTION OF A NUCLEID IN A POTENTIAL FIELD IN THE PYTHON PROGRAM
This article is devoted to the study of the Englander model in a potential field. In the model, nuclides are represented as a pendulum connected by a common thread. Based on the Englander model, the sine-Gordon equation, which describes nonlinear systems, has been investigated. New nonlinear models such as the Peyrard-Bishop model, the Poland-Scheraga model, the Yakushevich model, and the Scott model have been considered. Using the Englander model, the functionality of the DNA molecule is explained and treated as a graphical structure. The structural changes in the Englander model are based on kink and anti-kink. Analytical and numerical values of the kink characteristics are calculated. It is shown how topological aspects are utilized in nonlinear models of the DNA molecule. The complex dynamics of DNA and its topological defects are described. Modeling of the dynamic process during transcription and replication by applying an equation to DNA is considered. Using the DNA parameters, solutions to the equation are obtained in the form of kink and anti-kink. The energy density of kink and antikink is found. Density curves and surfaces of kinks and anti-kinks are constructed. Separation of variables methods are used to find solutions in differential equations. 2D and 3D plots of kink and anti-kink interactions are obtained using Python software.
TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS O MAXWELL EQUATIONS AT SUB-LIGHT SPEEDS IN BIQUATERNION REPRESENTATION
The most common movable radiation sources of electromagnetic waves among the operating ones located on the platforms of various vehicles. It is obvious that the speed of movement affects the processes of wave propagation in an environment with such electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability, as does the shape of the source itself and the nature of its operation. In this work are constructed and studied transport solutions of the biquaternion wave equation, which is a biquaternion generalization of Maxwell's equations. These equations describe the electromagnetic fields of emitters of electromagnetic (EM) waves and electro-gravimagnetic waves (EGM), moving in a fixed direction with a constant speed, which is less than the speed of propagation of waves in an electromagnetic medium (the speed of light). Fundamental and generalized transport solutions have constructed that describe the EM fields of moving objects in the entire range of speeds, from light to superluminal.The electromagnetic field generated by a moving point emitter on the Z-axis described by the biquaternion Green's function (bifunction) in a moving coordinate system constructed using the Fourier transform of generalized functions. The energy density and Poynting vector of this field were determined. Influence of movement speed researched on field characteristics
Copyright (c) 2024 THE JOURNAL OF THE OPEN SYSTEMS EVOLUTION PROBLEMS